A few HISTORIC EVENTS of War of 1812 Bladensburg, 17 - 29 August 1814. After the surrender of Napoleon the British dispatched Maj. Gen. Robert Ross from France on 27 June 1814 with 4,000 veterans to raid key points on the American coast. Ross landed at the mouth of the Patuxent River in Maryland with Washington as his objective on 19 August and marched as far as Upper Marlboro (22 August) without meeting resistance. Meanwhile, Brig. Gen. William Winder, in command of the Potomac District, had assembled a mixed force of about 5,000 men near Bladensburg, including militia, regulars, and some 400 sailors from Commodore Joshua Barney's gunboat flotilla, which had been destroyed to avoid capture by the British fleet. In spite of a considerable advantage in numbers and position, the Americans were easily routed by Ross' force. British losses were about 249 killed and wounded; the Americans lost about 100 killed and wounded, and 100 captured. British detachments entered the city and burned the Capitol and other public buildings (24-25 August) in what was later announced as retaliation for the American destruction at York. Dolly Madison saves White House treasures. Star Spangled Banner written by Francis Scott KEY Fort McHenry, 13 September 1814. While the British marched on Washington, Baltimore had time to hastily strengthen its defenses. Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith had about 9,000 militia, including 1,000 in Fort McHenry guarding the harbor. On 12 September the British landed at North Point about 14 miles below the city, where their advance was momentarily checked by 3,200 Maryland Militiamen. Thirty-nine British (including General Ross) were killed and 251 wounded at a cost of 24 Americans killed, 139 wounded, and 50 taken prisoner. After their fleet failed to reduce Fort McHenry by bombardment and boat attack (night of 13-14 September), the British decided that a land attack on the rather formidable fortifications defending the city would be too costly and on 14 October sailed for Jamaica. Francis Scott Key, after observing the unsuccessful British bombardment of Fort McHenry, was inspired to compose the verses of "The Star Spangled Banner." Many Tennesseans in Battle of New Orleans New Orleans, 23 December 1814 - 8 January 1815. On 20 December 1814 a force of about 10,000 British troops, assembled in Jamaica, landed unopposed at the west end of Lake Borgne, some 15 miles from New Orleans, preparatory to an attempt to seize the city and secure control of the lower Mississippi Valley. Advanced elements pushed quickly toward the river, reaching Villere's Plantation on the left bank, 10 miles below New Orleans, on 23 December. In a swift counter-action, Maj.
Gen. Andrew Jackson, American commander in the South,
who had only arrived
in the city on 1 December, made a night attack on
the British on 23-24 December with some 2,0000 men
supported by fire from
the gunboat Carolina. The British advance was checked,
giving Jackson time
to fall back to a dry canal about five miles south of
New Orleans, where
he built a breastworks about a mile long, with the
right flank on the river
and the left in a cypress swamp. A composite force of
about 3,500 militia,
regulars, sailors, and others manned the American main
line, with another
1,000 in reserve. A smaller force - perhaps 1,000
militia - under Brig.
Gen. David Morgan defended the right bank of the
river. Maj. Gen. Sir Edward
Pakenham, brother-in-law of the Duke of Wellington,
arrived on 25 December
to command the British operation. He entrenched his
troops and on 1 January
1815 fought an artillery duel in with the Americans
outgunned the British
artillerists. Finally, at dawn on 8 January, Pakenham
attempted a frontal
assault on Jackson's breastworks with 5,300 men,
simultaneously sending
a smaller force across the river to attack
Morgan's defenses. The
massed fires of Jackson's troops, protected by
earthworks reinforced with
cotton bales, wrought havoc among Pakenham's regulars
as they advanced
across the open ground in front of the American lines.
In less than a half
hour the attack was repulsed. The British
lost 291 killed, including Pakenham, 1,262 wounded,
and 48 prisoners; American
losses on both sides of the River were only 13
killed, 39 wounded, and
19 prisoners. The surviving British troops
withdrew to Lake Borgne
and reembarked on 27 January for Mobile, where on 14
February they learned
that the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war, had been
signed on 24 December
1814. |
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